Stoneware with purple dye residue found at Tel Shiqmona, Israel
Maria Bukin/Shalvi et al. , 2025, Plos One, CC-By 4.0
For centuries, modern Israeli coastal settlements have been home to industrial scale production from marine snails of purple dye, one of the most precious commodities in the ancient world.
Known as Tyrian Purple, it was particularly sought to color wool fabrics, and was highly regarded by wealthy and powerful people in Iron Age Mediterranean society. However, up until now, direct evidence of large-scale production sites has been sparse.
From 1100 BC to about 900 BC, Tel Shiqmona was a small Phoenician fishing village, producing small scale purple dyes. Later, when the Kingdom of Israel began to expand, the site said it had “transformed from a fishing village into a fortified purple dye production centre. Golan Charvy At the University of Chicago.
During archaeological research at the site, Sharvi and his colleagues discovered the remains of dye-dyed debris used to treat the material. 176 artifacts related to the production of purple dyes were collected, including 135 purple dye items.
The dye secretes mucus to protect itself and to kill prey. “The secretion is initially a slightly greenish fluid that oxidizes upon exposure to air and gradually turns purple,” says Sharvi. “However, to convert it into a real dye (something that chemically binds to textiles), it must be processed into solution through a complex series of chemical steps.”
Researchers argue that Tel Shiqmona is the only site in the world with clear evidence of the large-scale production of purple dyes in specialized facilities for a long time.
However, there is no historical record linking the site to the dye, and little is known about the actual process used to manufacture it, Shalvi says.
After the Kingdom of Israel fell around 720 BC, the scale of dye production fell until the Assyrians took over the site and increased the process again. When the Babylonians conquered the area around 600 BC, dye production at Tel Shiqmona was abandoned.
“It was most industrial sites in the Iron Age, and there was no monumental architecture or any particular beauty or elegance,” says Sharvi. “I think it’s a very smelly place, especially in modern noses, as the production process has produced a terrible smell. I imagine wool fleece dyed in various shades that are dry on the outside and inside of the building.
Purple dyes have captivated people all over the world, he says, and it has been the subject of extensive research. “The relationship with elite classes and religious rituals has grown in cultural, symbolic and economic significance, far beyond its function as mere colour.”
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